Climate change is a catalyst for profound economic and social shifts, intensifying existing challenges such as political instability, income inequality, and infrastructure strains. While it’s challenging to attribute any single event solely to climate change, it is clear that rising global temperatures and environmental shifts aggravate vulnerabilities in societies already facing issues like inadequate infrastructure, automation, and demographic shifts. As a slow-moving but transformative force, climate change amplifies these pressures, highlighting the urgent need for robust adaptation and mitigation strategies. But what is climate change? The weather can

Ordinary Portland cement is available worldwide and has become the most widely used material in construction. Engineers have been educated in its use not only for civil engineering but also for building and construction, and guidance for its use is widely available. During the past years, with society’s developing conscience on sustainability, lots of fingers have been pointed towards Portland cement because of its tremendous environmental footprint. Despite this, one must admit that the popularity of this material is one that has been well earned because of many